Madanlal Dhingra: The Man Who Shot a British Officer in London

The Indian freedom struggle is an immortal saga of the struggles, sacrificial deeds, and courageous activities of numerous revolutionaries, yet modern historians have shown extreme niggardliness in mentioning these great revolutionaries who laid down everything for the country's freedom. We have been taught that freedom is merely the result of the sacrifices of a particular party and a particular family, but we should never forget that freedom is not the result of pleas, prayers, and representations made by some leaders, but of the blood and tears shed by thousands of named and unnamed martyrs and their families, who smilingly endured every brutality inflicted by the British government and willingly accepted imprisonment, confiscation of property, the cellular jail of Kala Pani, and even death for the motherland.

The truth is that we did not receive freedom as alms from the British, but as a result of those relentless armed struggles by the revolutionaries, the culmination of which is seen in the Naval Mutiny of 1946. This struggle was not only continuously fought on the soil of Bharat Mata, but India's brave warriors also made the British government sleepless on foreign soil. Shyamji Krishnavarma, Veer Savarkar, Madame Bhikaji Cama, Barrister Sardar Singh Rana, Virendranath Chattopadhyay, Sardar Ajit Singh, Lala Har Dayal, Rash Behari Bose, Raja Mahendra Pratap, and Champakaraman Pillai are the names who ground themselves down piece by piece and dedicated everything to awaken the clarion call of India's freedom abroad. A shining star in this galaxy of martyrs is Madanlal Dhingra, who through his heroism and supreme sacrifice inscribed his name in golden letters in the immortal chain of martyrs, and whose martyrdom day falls on August 17.

Madanlal Dhingra was born on September 18, 1883, in the spiritual city of Amritsar, Punjab, as the son of Rai Sahib Ditta Mal Dhingra, a renowned ophthalmologist belonging to a wealthy landlord family and the Civil Surgeon of Amritsar. It is said that he was the first Indian to reach this high position in the British government. Although Amritsar has always been at the forefront in the field of the freedom struggle, unfortunately, Madanlal Dhingra's family was an exception to this and was known everywhere for its loyalty to the British crown. Pleased with Ditta Mal's loyal service, the British conferred upon him the title of Rai Sahib, and as a result of this loyalty, Rai Sahib had six bungalows at Katra Sher Singh on G.T. Road and a total of 21 houses in Amritsar. Dr. Ditta Mal had 7 children—6 sons and a daughter, of whom Madanlal Dhingra was the sixth child. All of Madanlal's elder brothers were brilliant, highly educated, and held important positions in the British government. Two of them were doctors and barristers-at-law. One brother, Bihari Lal Dhingra, had even served as the Prime Minister of the former Jind State. It is astonishing what kind of intoxication it was that despite being born into such a wealthy, prosperous, and loyalist family, Madanlal chose a completely different path and made himself a soldier in the war for freedom.

Everyone knows that the effect of an intoxicant lasts for a certain time and every intoxication wears off after a while. But there is one such intoxication that once it takes hold, it only wears off with death. This intoxication is the intoxication of freedom, the intoxication of independence, the intoxication of self-reliance, the intoxication of liberty. It was the effect of this very intoxication that Maharana Pratap agreed to eat grass rotis but refused to bow before Akbar, the Rani of Jhansi lost her life but did not bend her knees before the British, and Veer Shivaji wandered the dust of the hills for a lifetime but did not agree to bow his head before Aurangzeb. This was the intoxication under the influence of which Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev climbed the gallows, Khudiram Bose and Hemu Kalani embraced death in their adolescence, and the martyrs of Chittagong wrote a new script of self-sacrifice with their blood. History is filled with such numerous heroes and heroines who did not hesitate even a little to sacrifice their lives in the intoxication of freedom. This same intoxication gripped Madanlal Dhingra in such a way that, kicking away his father's wealth and sacrificing his brilliant career, he accepted to walk the path of the martyr, but not the soot of slavery.

A wanderer by nature, Madanlal Dhingra was sharp in studies like his brothers and had a special interest in science, so he passed his Matriculation examination from Amritsar and Intermediate from Lahore with good marks in science subjects. At that time in Amritsar, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bhagat Singh's uncle Ajit Singh had launched a movement called Pagdi Sambhal Jatta, which alerted the youth for India's freedom and against British atrocities. Madanlal Dhingra started participating in this movement, but as soon as his family members came to know about it, they started putting a stop to it. When Madanlal did not listen to his family members, despite being his father's extreme favourite, he was thrown out of the house because of his rebellion against the British. Madanlal started living at the house of a friend who drove a tonga, and formed an organisation of horse-carriage drivers against the British, in which he could not achieve the expected success. His elder brother Bihari Lal Dhingra lived in Bombay. When the family members complained to him about Madanlal, he called Madanlal Dhingra from Amritsar to Bombay. With great difficulty and after friends persuaded him, Madanlal reached his elder brother Bihari Lal's place in Bombay. Bihari Lal decided to send him to London for the study of mechanical engineering. He thought that when Madanlal went far away not just from home but from the country, and lived among the British themselves, the ghost of patriotism and freedom would get out of his head. In 1906, Madanlal reached England.

Upon reaching England, Madanlal pursued engineering education during 1906-09 at the same University College in London where Dadabhai Naoroji had been a professor of Gujarati from 1856 to 1866, and Rabindranath Tagore had studied English literature between 1878-1880. Although Madanlal had worked against the British while living in India and was a sworn enemy of the British government, upon reaching England he strayed from his goal for some time. Wealth was abundant and there was no clear goal in life, so merrymaking in the dazzle of London became the sole objective for him and many of his companions. But perhaps destiny had something else in store. Through a companion of his, he began visiting India House, where he came into contact with Indian revolutionaries like Shyamji Krishnavarma and Veer Savarkar.

Here it would also be pertinent to know about India House. In London, the British did not provide rented houses to Indian students, hence the prominent nationalist Shyam Ji Krishnavarma bought a house at 65, Cromwell Avenue in London in 1905 for Indian students to live in and named it India House. It was inaugurated on July 1, 1905, in a grand programme by Henry Mayers Hyndman, a staunch supporter of India's freedom and president of the Social Democratic Federation, in which Dadabhai Naoroji, Lala Lajpat Rai, Madame Cama, Harry Quelch of the newspaper 'Justice', and Mr. Sweeney of the 'Positivist Review' were also present. Soon India House became a household name among enlightened Indians and was discussed everywhere. In 1905 itself, Tilak wrote an appreciative article in the editorial of his newspaper 'Kesari' about Shyamji's activities in London and India House, and provided information about the scholarships given by him to Indian students wishing to study abroad. After reading this, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, living in Pune, applied for the 'Shivaji' scholarship, and upon Tilak's recommendation, he received it soon after.

Savarkar reached London on June 15, 1906, on the pretext of studying law, but his intentions were entirely different. By living there, he not only wanted to understand the power of British rule, but also wanted to challenge the British right in their own home. In 1907, about 700 Indian students were studying in Britain, out of whom 380 were in London alone. Savarkar not only wanted to connect all of them to the Indian freedom struggle, but also wanted to establish contact with revolutionaries of other countries to learn new methods of bomb-making and, through a united struggle, uproot the imperialist rulers. Savarkar's arrival at India House proved to be a milestone for this place as well as for the Indian freedom movement. Savarkar turned this place into a citadel of revolution, and his articles, speeches, and thoughts not only shook the Indian students living in London but also rattled freedom-loving Britons.

Through a companion, Madanlal Dhingra also started visiting India House, where he came into contact with living schools of revolution like Shyamji Krishnavarma and Veer Savarkar, and the zeal to lay down his life for the country grew stronger in his mind day by day. A speech given by Lala Lajpat Rai at India House deeply influenced him and changed the direction of his life: "Youths, your blood is warm, the tree of the nation demands your blood." When the British government was sentencing numerous revolutionaries to death in India, as a protest, one day he arrived in his class wearing a badge inscribed in memory of the martyrs, and despite the college authorities asking him to do so, he did not remove the badge. The yearning in his mind to liberate the country grew, and inspired by Veer Savarkar, he dedicated himself completely to the national yajna.

The fire within Madanlal Dhingra and his fierce patriotism deeply impressed Savarkar, who not only made Madanlal a member of the Abhinav Bharat Mandal but also trained him in handling weapons. Soon Madanlal became very close to Savarkar and, while living at India House, dedicated himself entirely to him and the nation. Meanwhile, the sentencing to death of Khudiram Bose in India on August 11, 1908, and subsequently of revolutionary heroes like Kanailal Dutta, Satinder Pal, and Kanshi Ram, greatly increased anger in the minds of Indian students. Anger was mounting due to Barindra Kumar Ghosh's Alipore case and the British confiscating the property of Vinayak Savarkar's brother Ganesh Savarkar over his spirited poems and sentencing him to life imprisonment in Kala Pani, and Indian youth living in London were growing impatient to organise and do something against the British.

Vinayak Savarkar had even declared in a meeting on June 20, 1909, that the government had now resorted to repression and terror, so we too would give it a fitting reply. Madanlal Dhingra asked Veer Savarkar whether this was the right time to give one's life for the motherland. Upon this, he received that famous reply from Savarkar which guides us even today:

"If you are prepared for the supreme sacrifice and your mind has thought about ultimate liberation, then this is certainly the right time to give your life for your nation."

To test Madanlal, during a conversation Savarkar asked Dhingra to place his hand on the ground, and as soon as Dhingra placed his hand down, Savarkar pierced it with an awl. A stream of blood flowed, but not a single word escaped Dhingra's mouth. Savarkar pulled out the awl and embraced Dhingra, who had passed this test. Tears of love flowed from the eyes of both.

One day at India House, amidst a gathering of several students, someone revealed the secret that the official appointed here by the British administration to look after our comforts and conveniences, an officer named Curzon Wyllie, is actually a spy who mingles among us to gather our secrets. His purpose is not our welfare, but to trap us in some conspiracy, and this is why in his behaviour he appears much simpler, soft-spoken, and innocent than an ordinary Englishman, but the truth is that he is a venomous snake and can bite all of us together at any time. The students felt a thrill—"Is that so... that is his plan, that is the conspiracy he is hatching? Fine, we will see him too," saying this, a youth stood up with clenched fists, biting his lips, and with firm resolve. Brandishing his fist in the air, he said to his companions—"Rest assured, Wyllie will be crushed even before he can bite us." This was none other than Madanlal Dhingra.

Curzon Wyllie was a very high-ranking official of the British administration and, having served in many important positions, had reached the post of Aide-de-Camp to the then Secretary of State for India in 1901. He was the chief officer monitoring the London centre of Indian revolutionaries, "India House," and was notorious for victimising and torturing Indians. To gather information on the activities of India House, he had sent an Indian named Kirtikar as his spy into India House, who presented himself as a dental student. He could not escape Savarkar's sharp gaze for long, and when caught, he laid bare all of Wyllie's plans before Savarkar—how he was spying on India House and how he was plotting to torture Indians. When it was confirmed that Wyllie had to be eliminated, Savarkar told Dhingra to receive target practice training and gather information about Wyllie's movements so that no shortcomings remained, as had happened on a couple of previous occasions when Madanlal had attempted to kill Lord Curzon twice and former Governor of Bengal Bramfield Fuller once.

To sharpen his plan to kill Wyllie, Madanlal joined the National Indian Association created by Wyllie in 1908 to keep Indian students away from the path of revolution and lead them astray, and began to portray himself as distant from Savarkar and other revolutionaries. Soon he gained the trust of the organisation's secretary, Emma Josephine Beck, to such an extent that he began to obtain information on the guest lists for the organisation's various events and even their arrival and departure timings. To show greater distance and disagreement with Savarkar, he left India House in 1909 and began living at Mrs. Harris's house at 108, Ledbury Road. Although unaware of the plan, Indian students called him a traitor and a turncoat for abandoning Savarkar and India House, but Savarkar knew that his brave warrior was about to do something that would shake the British government. Prior to Wyllie's assassination, Madanlal obtained a revolver licence and also enrolled in a rifle shooting range. According to the shooting range owner's testimony in court, Madanlal had become so proficient in marksmanship that he could land 12 shots on target from a distance of 18 feet.

Finally, the day arrived when Wyllie had to account for his deeds. On July 1, 1909, Sir Curzon Wyllie was also invited to an "At Home" reception during the annual conference of the National Indian Association. After dinner, a musical programme was organised in the Jahangir Hall of the Imperial Institute, but as soon as Curzon Wyllie descended the stairs to leave, Madanlal rushed towards him. Wyllie thought that this youth was eager to meet him and approached Madanlal Dhingra with a smile. The reason was likely that in India Curzon Wyllie had also visited Madanlal's house and was well acquainted with Dr. Ditta Mal Dhingra. But seeing that deceptive smile and sensing the cruelty hidden behind it, Madanlal's entire body burned with rage. He was already prepared, and the moment he found Wyllie before him, he took out his revolver from his pocket, took aim, and coming close, emptied five shots into him. Curzon Wyllie collapsed right there. A Parsi doctor named Kavasji Lal Caka tried to catch Madanlal, whereupon Dhingra fired the sixth and seventh bullets at the Parsi doctor and dropped him right there as well.

Chaos broke out all around, but Madanlal stood calm and made no attempt to run. By now, a number of British officers and police personnel had surrounded him, but Madanlal's objective had been fulfilled. He ran the policemen who came to catch him ragged, and he could be arrested only with great difficulty. During the scuffle and wrestling, his spectacles fell off, so with a natural and unruffled tone, he said to the policemen—"Wait, there is no hurry, let me just put on my spectacles, then tie my hands." Their group was stunned seeing his fearlessness, courageous demeanour, and patience. A pamphlet was found during his search, which stated that I have deliberately killed an Englishman because this is also a way of protesting against the unjust manner in which Indians are being sentenced to death and Kala Pani. He was arrested, and thereafter his medical examination was conducted. Madanlal Dhingra's trial records (Trial of Madanlal Dhingra, Public Record Office, London) show that even at that time his pulse was normal, and he had no distress or agitation. Executing such a big act with such ease was a matter of astonishment even for British doctors.

The Wyllie assassination created a stir not only in England but across the entire British Empire. Newspapers around the world published this event prominently. On July 23, 1909, the murder trial against Madanlal began in court. Madanlal stated that I have no regret for killing Curzon Wyllie, I only regret killing Kavasji Lal Caka. I am glad that I am sacrificing my life for my beloved country of India. The insult of my country is the insult of my God. What else can a person devoid of wealth and intellect like me give to their motherland except blood? My prayer to God is that until my motherland achieves freedom, I may be born again and again in her lap and die in her service. I have nothing to say in my defence except that what I did was right. I believe that no British court has the right to arrest, imprison, or hang me, and that is why I have not taken a defence lawyer for myself. I believe that if Germans conquer the British, then fighting against the Germans is patriotism, so in my case fighting against the British is even more justified and patriotic! Over the past 50 years, the British have killed lakhs and lakhs of Indians and looted £100,000,000 in wealth from India every year. I also hold the British responsible for hanging and exiling my patriotic countrymen who did what the British here advise the people of their country to do. Just as Germans have no right to occupy this country (England), the British have no right to occupy our India. Thus, it is completely justified on our part to kill those Englishmen who are desecrating our sacred land. You white people are still powerful, your time is now, the coming time will be ours, when we Indian people will act according to our will.

Numerous British officials and Indian loyalists to the British, which included his own family as well, severely criticised and condemned this act of Dhingra. Secretary of State for India Lord Morley called this incident horrific and Dhingra's act despicable and cowardly. Viceroy of India Lord Minto called Dhingra mad and his act extremely abhorrent. Members of Madanlal Dhingra's family also felt greatly shamed and degraded by this incident. Rai Sahib Ditta Mal even refused to accept Dhingra as his son. Expressing grief over Curzon Wyllie's assassination via telegram, he said that Madanlal Dhingra had eccentricity in him since childhood, and I refuse to accept such a rebel, insurrectionist, and murderous man as my son. Dhingra's two loyalist brothers expressed similar sentiments. One of Madanlal's brothers, Bhajan Lal, was in London at that time to study law. Four days after the incident of killing Wyllie, he also participated in a meeting held to condemn Madanlal. Coming to know of this, Madanlal refused to see him when he came to visit Madanlal in Brixton Prison. After Madanlal was hanged, except for Dr. Bihari Lal, all his brothers dropped the word 'Dhingra' from their names so that people would not find them associated with Madanlal in any way. All of them started using their surname as Lal, which was already included in their names. Perhaps no revolutionary hero in history has been treated by his family members the way Madanlal's family treated him.

Condolence meetings were held everywhere in England and India in memory of Sir Curzon Wyllie. On July 5, 1909, a meeting of Indians was held at Caxton Hall to express sympathy and condolences towards Sir Curzon Wyllie, in which the Aga Khan called Curzon Wyllie's murder a national calamity. Through a resolution moved by Sir Mancherjee Bhownagree, Dhingra was called "mad" and his act a "fanatical deed," which was supported by Ameer Ali. Sir Aga Khan put the resolution to a vote, and with the majority of people raising their hands in support, declared it passed unanimously. But this resolution could not be passed unanimously because Swatantryaveer Savarkar, present in the meeting, strongly opposed it. He said, "No, not unanimously, I, Vinayak Savarkar, oppose it." And then, uproar ensued. Bhownagree wanted to grab Savarkar and throw him out, but Aga Khan stopped him from doing so. Annoyed, an Englishman named Palmer punched Savarkar in the face, saying, "Enjoy the taste of an English punch," in response to which a Tamil youth, M. P. T. Acharya, struck that Englishman on the head with a stick, saying, "Enjoy the taste of an Indian stick." Surendranath Banerjee boycotted the meeting, stating that Savarkar had the right to speak his mind and attacking him was completely wrong. Due to the noise and commotion, the meeting ended and the resolution fell through. That same night at eight o'clock, another meeting of Indians was held at the New Reformers Club (London), in which Surendranath Banerjee opposed acts of violence and murder, going so far as to say that the killer (Dhingra) belongs to Punjab and not Bengal.

On July 5, the reception committee of the annual Congress session to be held in Lahore also severely condemned Dhingra's act and called this deed "cowardly and utterly thoughtless." Mahatma Gandhi's political guru Gopal Krishna Gokhale called Dhingra's act a blemish on the name of India. Gandhiji also criticised Madanlal's courageous act: "It is argued in support of Curzon Wyllie's assassination that if Germany attacks England, Englishmen would kill every German, similarly every Indian has the right to kill any Englishman. This comparison is misleading. If Germany attacks England, Englishmen would not kill every German, they would only kill those Germans who are invaders and not those who are unsuspected or guests."

However, revolutionaries and freedom lovers across the country and abroad praised Dhingra's act. Virendranath Chattopadhyay supported Savarkar's opposition to the resolution. Shyamji Krishnavarma supported Dhingra's act through a letter. Among the British, Victor Grayson (Member of Parliament) justified this work, and Irish freedom fighters called Madanlal a messenger of revolution. There was hardly any wall in Ireland that did not have posters of his final statement posted under the title "Ireland Honours Dhingra." Britons like W. T. Stead, influenced by Madanlal's patriotism, petitioned for clemency for him, while several members of India Secretary Morley's council recommended commuting the death sentence to life imprisonment to eliminate any possibility of agitation among Indians. But Morley was adamant on giving Madanlal the death penalty so that others too could be taught a lesson.

British poet, writer, and diplomatic officer Wilfrid Scawen Blunt wrote in his diary on July 24, 1909, that no Christian had ever faced a judge with such courage and dignity as Madanlal. If India could produce 500 such brave warriors, no one could stop her from achieving freedom. By chance, the date fixed for Dhingra's hanging was Blunt's 69th birthday. He wrote that by hanging a hero like Dhingra on his birthday, the British government had immortalised him as well, because coming generations will remember this day as Martyr's Day. Dhingra's sacrifice generated a sense of respect for him even in the minds of some members of the British Cabinet, as is clear from a letter written by Churchill to Blunt, which Blunt mentioned in his diary entry of October 3, 1909. According to this, Churchill told Blunt in his letter that there was considerable discussion regarding Dhingra in the Cabinet meeting. Lloyd George showed immense respect towards Dhingra's perspective shown as a patriot, saying that even two thousand years from now he will be remembered the same way we remember our martyrs, which Churchill also supported. In this letter, Churchill quoted Dhingra's final statement and called it the most effective and best statement ever given in the name of patriotism.

Madanlal Dhingra made no attempt to defend himself in the London court. Unfortunately, at the time of his trial, there was no friend, no relative, and no other Indian present. This great revolutionary was hanged on August 17, 1909, at Pentonville Prison. It is said that before the hanging, when he was asked for his final wish, he asked for a looking glass. The British officer was surprised, but the mirror was brought. Madanlal Dhingra looked at his face, straightened his attire, tied his tie properly, and walked to the gallows as if he were going to a meeting of revolutionaries. Madanlal Dhingra's statement too had been banned by the government, but through the efforts of Gyanchand Varma, Sardar Singh Rana living in Paris published it on a postcard along with Dhingra's picture. Below 'Vande Mataram', August 17, 1909 (Dhingra's martyrdom day) was written, and below it was written: "In sacred and inspiring memory of patriot Madanlal Dhingra who sacrificed his life for the country." Rana sent its copies to London to Savarkar, who had a large quantity of them published and sent to India. The government banned this statement, but it was published in Irish and American newspapers.

London's leading newspaper Daily News (August 16, 1909) had also published Madanlal Dhingra's inspiring statement, in which he had urged adopting guerrilla tactics in situations where open conflict was not possible. He called the worship of the nation the worship of Rama and the service of the nation the devotion of Krishna. In this final statement issued under the title 'Challenge', Madanlal had said that there is a challenge for every Indian to learn well how to embrace death. All education and learning will bear fruit only when we Indians offer our lives as an oblation to the motherland. I am offering my life as an oblation or sacrificing my life precisely because my martyrdom will hold my country's head high. Madanlal Dhingra said in his final wish, "My only prayer to God is that I may be reborn from the womb of the very same mother and lay down my life for this same sacred ideal until the objective is fulfilled and the motherland is independent."

On Madanlal Dhingra's sacrifice, Madame Annie Besant had said that the present era is in great need of martyrs like Madanlal and brave revolutionaries. Eminent revolutionary Virendranath Chattopadhyay started a monthly magazine in memory of Madanlal named Madan Talwar, which Madame Bhikaji Cama regularly published from Berlin. This magazine remained the main journal of active revolutionaries abroad for years. Madanlal's martyrdom perhaps did not go in vain. Carrying forward his valour in future history and drawing tremendous inspiration from him, Sardar Kartar Singh Sarabha became active in Punjab. Along with him, Rash Behari Bose kept the banner of the war for independence flying high in northern India. Under the leadership of Rash Behari Bose, a bomb was thrown at the Viceroy's procession in Chandni Chowk, Delhi. In a later phase, Rash Behari Bose played an active role in the creation of the Azad Hind Fauj and eventually handed over its command to Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. Kartar Singh Sarabha, deeply influenced by Madanlal, was sentenced to death in the First Lahore Conspiracy Case. Inspired by Kartar Singh Sarabha's martyrdom, Bhagat Singh and his associates shook the British Raj throughout India.

But alas! Madanlal Dhingra, who influenced so many Indian revolutionaries, had to fall prey to the merciless neglect of history. His cremation was also conducted by the British government because his loyalist family announced the severance of all ties with him, and British officials rejected Savarkar's request to hand over his body. Setting aside his last wish to be cremated according to Hindu rites, the British government locked his body in a coffin and buried it within the prison premises. Following the inspiration gained from his martyrdom, freedom was indeed won as a result of the struggles waged by countless martyrs, but the ungrateful country forgot him. 67 years after his death, on December 13, 1976, the remains of this 22-year-old martyr were brought to India when prison officials, while searching for the remains of Shaheed Udham Singh, accidentally found information about his remains. From December 13 to December 20, Indians paid tribute to him in various towns of Punjab, and on December 25, those remains were immersed in Haridwar. Contemporary documents show that the British government was not ready to send his ashes and remains to India because the government feared that by applying his ashes to their foreheads, many Madanlal Dhingras might be born among the youth of India. Blessed is Madanlal Dhingra and blessed is his immortal sacrifice.

– Vishal Agarwal (The author is a profound scholar of Indian history and culture, an academician, and raises his voice for national interests. The author's Rashtra Aradhaka series on Indian historical figures is a must-read.)

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